NewStats: 3,263,698 , 8,181,057 topics. Date: Saturday, 07 June 2025 at 11:17 AM 1f1l26

neuf:


the US didn't persuade them. The agreement was signed by US, UK, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

why must everything be US fault?

People change their government, na CIA cause am.
Russia does something, it's the US fault

Bro I tire everytime the west, west , west I no just understand, as of person force Ukraine NATO moreover they are fighting let them first bit one thing I know is in war there is no winner.

The threat of nuclear weapons never went away. But Putin’s invasion of Ukraine makes it visible again.

By Neel Dhanesha on February 25, 2022 2:25 pm


Russian President Vladimir Putin at a press conference at the Kremlin in February. Putin announced a Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. S

When Russian President Vladimir Putin announced his invasion of Ukraine on February 24, he also made a more nebulous threat: “No matter who tries to stand in our way or … create threats for our country and our people, they must know that Russia will respond immediately, and the consequences will be such as you have never seen in your entire history.”


Another part of his speech seemed to make his meaning clear. “Today’s Russia remains one of the most powerful nuclear states,” Putin said. As justification for the invasion, Putin also made unfounded claims that Ukraine was on a path to build its own nuclear arsenal. “There’s no evidence of that at all,” said Hans Kristensen, director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists.

The Russian invasion has relied entirely on conventional weapons — tanks rattling down highways, bombers flying overhead, ships landing in the port city of Odesa — and experts told Vox that in the absence of a shocking escalation, that isn’t likely to change.

Still, Putin’s remarks were a stark reminder that nuclear weapons aren’t just the boogeymen of a bygone age, but remain a key part of the security order that emerged after the end of World War II. By Kristensen’s count, Russia has about 6,000 nuclear weapons and the United States has about 5,500. Either nuclear arsenal is large enough to kill billions of people — but also to serve as a deterrent against attack.

In recent decades, the so-called nuclear order has remained fairly stable. The seven other countries known to have nuclear weapons have much smaller arsenals. Most countries in the world have signed onto the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which limits the development of nuclear weapons. We asked three researchers of nuclear arms control about the risks the world faces now and what we might be able to do about them.

How worried should we be about the threat of nuclear weapons right now?
While Putin’s remarks are certainly cause for concern — especially since they introduced the largest military operation in Europe since the Second World War — the scholars who spoke to Vox said a nuclear strike is still unlikely. “I think there is virtually no chance nuclear weapons are going to be used in the Ukraine situation,” said Matthew Bunn, a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and former adviser to President Bill Clinton’s Office of Science and Technology Policy.

The main reason, Bunn said, is that the United States and its NATO allies have made it clear that they will not send troops to Ukraine. Without the threat of military intervention, Putin has little reason to use his nuclear weapons, especially since Russia has a staggering numbers advantage over the Ukrainian military.


Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, explained
“His objective is not to bring the world to nuclear war,” said Paul Hare, senior lecturer in global studies at Boston University. “His objective is to simply swallow Ukraine — and restore not just the [power of the] Soviet Union, but the Tsarist empire.”

Still, said Kristensen, “I’m more worried than I was a week ago.” He pointed out that NATO increased its readiness levels for “all contingencies” in response to Putin’s speech, and with increased military buildup comes increased uncertainty. “That’s the fog of war, so to speak,” Kristensen said. “Out of that can come twists and turns that take you down a path that you couldn’t predict a week ago.”

What does Russia’s nuclear arsenal look like? How does it compare to others in the world?
Russia’s roughly 6,000 warheads make it the country with the largest nuclear arsenal. Kristensen said most of those warheads are in reserves, with only about 1,600 deployed as land, sea, and air-based weapons, such as missiles in silos or bombs dropped by planes. (When the USSR fell apart at the end of the Cold War, there were nuclear weapons left behind on Ukrainian soil, but Ukraine returned them to Russia.)

The countries known to have nuclear weapons are Russia, the US, China, , the UK, Pakistan, India, Israel, and North Korea. That includes every permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, which have been working to modernize their nuclear weapons over the past few decades, and three of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The total number of weapons has dropped by about 80 percent since the end of the Cold War, from an estimated 70,300 in 1986 to 12,700 in early 2022.

That’s still a lot of nukes. “There has been much discussion about whether that means Russia has a sort of trigger-happy nuclear posture,” Kristensen said. “It’s hard to pin down. if Russian officials were asked to sit down around a table and entirely consider how many tactical nuclear weapons were needed, purely based on real, strategic rationales, I suspect that number would quickly drop to a lot less [than what it is today].”

Does Putin have a reason to consider using nuclear weapons?
From a strategic standpoint, the experts said, there’s no reason for Russia to use nuclear weapons. But they said Putin himself was the biggest source of uncertainty. “The element of emotion and anger that’s crept into Putin’s statements in particular is striking,” said Hare. “Normally we’ve associated Russia’s diplomatic style with a kind of laconic, almost sarcastic manner.”

It’s worth ing, Kristensen added, that Putin often makes allusions to Russia’s nuclear arsenal as a show of strength. In 2015, he said in a Russian state TV documentary that he had considered putting Russian nuclear forces on alert during the Russian annexation of Crimea a year prior.

This could be a sign that Putin’s nuclear rhetoric is more bark than bite, but Kristensen wasn’t ready to say that for sure. “He lives in a very small bubble, and he’s deeply paranoid,” Kristensen said. “He’s willing to do really not very rational things.”

Is the fear of a nuclear war enough to stop countries from using nuclear weapons?
“The physical fact of a nuclear weapon’s destructive power absolutely creates fear,” said Bunn. Nuclear deterrence — the idea that one country wouldn’t dare attack another for fear of a nuclear strike — was the major security policy of the Cold War period, and experts say it remains very much alive today. As my colleague Zack Beauchamp recently wrote, the threat of nuclear weapons is the reason the US won’t send troops to Ukraine.

But nuclear deterrence clearly didn’t end all wars. The existence of nuclear weapons “didn’t help us in Vietnam, they didn’t help us in Iraq, they didn’t help us in Afghanistan,” Bunn said. “Nuclear weapons aren’t useful for the majority of the security and well-being challenges that the United States faces.”

Since the Cold War, it’s been widely accepted that nuclear deterrence would help ensure that the borders of Europe would not be challenged. The Ukraine crisis, said Hare, is casting some doubt on that idea. “The credibility of deterrence hasn’t been tested for decades,” Hare said. “The whole international order is sort of being thrown up in the air. Is the Ukraine attack going to be a prelude to an attack on, say, the Baltic states that are even more vulnerable, or is Putin going to be satisfied with Ukraine?”

The answer, Hare said, will shape how the United States and its NATO allies decide to deploy their forces — conventional and nuclear — around the world. “We’re starting to see large powers begin to sort of entertain the thought of limited tactical nuclear weapons use scenarios, in a way that they didn’t spend very much time thinking about 10 years ago,” said Kristensen. These are the sorts of unlikely scenarios that have been tossed around in war games as contingencies since the Cold War, and could entail strikes on isolated military targets that are far from population centers, for example.

“The theory is very much like it was during the Cold War,” Kristensen explained. “You just sort of have some smaller nukes that you can pop off here and there, to force an adversary to take an off-ramp during a conflict.”

Is the world doing a good job keeping nuclear weapons under control?
For the most part, global efforts to prevent nuclear weapons from spreading, like the Non-Proliferation Treaty, have been strikingly successful. But these efforts need constant attention and maintenance. “Globally, the nuclear order is in pretty bad shape,” said Bunn. North Korea continues to build up its nuclear arsenal, India and Pakistan appear to be engaging in an arms race to build up short-range tactical nuclear weapons, and hostility is ratcheting up between the US, Russia, and China.

“People should pay attention,” said Kristensen. “They have to be vigilant about holding their governments able, and make sure that the policies that are in place and the way they’re implemented are constructive, that they actually lead to improving the situation rather than making it worse.” A key US-Russia agreement to limit nuclear-armed missiles, known as the New START Treaty, is set to expire in February 2026, and the degraded relations between the United States and Russia will make negotiating a renewal much harder.

“The huge increase in US-Russian hostility will lead to increased risks of conflict and make it more difficult to work with Russia,” Bunn said. “Whether it’s working to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other countries or improving security for nuclear weapons and materials and facilities, all of that goes better if the United States and Russia are working together. And they’re not going to be doing that for some time to come.”

There is some good news, Bunn said. There are promising signs for the reinstatement of the Iran nuclear deal, which would affirm the principles of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. “It’s important to that only 5 percent of the countries in the world have nuclear weapons,” Bunn said. “Every other state has pledged to never develop nuclear weapons.”

For decades, Bunn added, about one in every 10 US lightbulbs was powered by uranium from decommissioned Russian warheads, which was sent to American nuclear power plants — a reminder that the world actively worked together to turn a tool of destruction into a force for good. “That’s remarkable,” Bunn said. “It’s never been true before in human history that the most powerful weapon available to our species was widely forsworn.”

dreamxhaser:


Mumu so you think say nukes an something you go intercept in the sky without feeling the heat?

Yes you are right nukes are on different scale that's why if it goes to nuking other countries bro. No body will win and everybody will lose. It's a fact.

They should just calm Putin down cause one strike from Putin will lead to retaliation from others and it seems Putin don't care though.

God help us

Bigchristo:
keep your fact for your pocket, some of we here once they see the truth they will systematically keep bending it to suit their thinning thinking, Russia have more nuclear power than the US period, stop trying to bend it

Bro una need education on this nuke stuff oo.

More nukes doesn't mean more destruction ooo.

The Russia and the US approach their nuke system of production differently ooo.

Russia go with a bigger single war head.

US go with a smaller but deadlier package.

You can't compare a fission bomb to a fusion bomb ooo. Size and amount doesn't matter their yields matters.

dreamxhaser:


Putin never said he will win a war against NATO but he said the blow NATO will receive will be hard for them to recover from.

He should calm down and let them settle this quietly, the mistake all these presidents make is that they forget that they are only representative of their people what will he gain if he strikes and receive a reply.

He should just calm down and NATO should try settle this issue with peace please. I don't wanna witness people vaporize by nukes.

BluntTheApostle:


But he never mentioned nukes?

What is the need to nukes?

I am sure more was said.

I can't just imagine Russia was a small country. The United States would have found an excuse to invade it, and hypocrites like will look the other way.

China is right. Sanctions will not resolve the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Everyone knows where the problem lies.

Hypocrites!!!

The US you day insult na country like yours, if you like Russia on this but even Putin knows he is not winning this if he goes with nukes.

The US have superior far deadlier nukes in their arsenal but all the same we don't pray for war. US or never forced Ukraine to NATO and believe me you if Nigeria was like quarter of that US you just insulted Ghana and SA will never dire with our citizens.

Hseffa:

....................................................................................................................
You sound a rookie!
Nuclear armaments on EU soil DOUBLES THAT OF RUSSIA.
Nuclear nukes on U.S.A's soil is almost 2,000!
What if they all program all their nuclear missiles toward Russia? What will be their fate?
Putin's excesses have be contained for too long.
23 countries broke away from defunct U.S.S.R. Ukraine was among them.
Why the fuss on and about Ukraine? Many former Russian Head of-States, preceded Putin! None cared armament against Ukraine.
A dog ready to lost, won't hear its Hunter's whistle. Russian's case.
Russia, the largest country on Earth with GDP, the size of NEW YORK CITY!!! You're are proud about that?
Why Putin complains now, if the economic sanctions haven't begun BITING HIS GOVERNMENT?
Be reminded, under government of AUTOCRACY, many of the leaders, usually threatened from within by !
Hitler! Internal threats made him committed suicide. N-Korean leader's father, killed himself. Media shaded it. and many more!
Geography of landmass of land, will disappoint Putin. Russia, a country with 11-TIME ZONES IN ONE COUNTRY!
Let's watch how the duo war pans out. Russia have been warned already.

Leave that guy bro he don't know anything moreover more nukes don't necessarily mean anything, nukes capabilities are measured by their yields.

One fusion nuke can out muscle 3 fission nukes.

BluntTheApostle:


Who told you he was referring to the war in Ukraine?

He was referring to comments made by some notable NATO powers.

that the French president said recently that NATO had nuclear weapons too.

Putin never made any mention of nuking Ukraine when the French president began to misyarn.

Oboy he no misyarn he only said NATO has nukes too, did he mention NATO will be attacking with nukes??

Putin should just calm down and they should just settle this amicably cause it's getting outta hand.

NATO should just let Ukraine slide and let's be at peace.

malel1:


So ?

Bro more nuke pile don't necessarily means stronger Russia opted for more nukes with (fission process) while the US prefer a (fusion one) and let me tell you one thing a fusion bomb can literally destroy the whole earth if they wanna make it to.

But nuke war is not what we all are praying for.

MangekyoAlt:
Putin, the man with iron balls. Tormentor of the West
Where is that stupid fowl called boris Johnson? Be like say my prayer for great Britain to be turned to dust will soon come to .
Give them hot hot Vlad!

Ps: Russia had a nuclear drill before this invasion. If USA and EU get mind, make them threaten russia. All of them go collect

make una shut up for once abeg, they tell you say other countries no get nuke?

One Nuke strike will lead to another and no body wants that at all. They better settle this amicably to avoid long story.

MrSensor:
Shut up your toilet mouth

Una day reason like human being self?

Nigeria has yet to address all the rubbish happening here and there and they want to help other nations

Bro charity begins at home, and before you remove dirt from someone's eyes first remove the one in your own eyes.

Go see waything armed robbers do with our security personnels for Benin. They never solve that one na other people own they one solve, if not for the youths those criminal would have made away with all the funds stolen and who did you think send those boys is it me or you Same politicians just similar to offa robbery.

It's good to the nation Nigeria, me I love the country but I hate the leaders with ion. They have destroyed the nation. We that are supposed to fight for the nation are just watching and saying rubbish

jclassiq:
Idiotic post. That they are waving a flag don't mean shit. They are still Nigerians wether they ran away or not... They are Nigerian citizens and i don't think they are denying that. But the country is being made useless by your darling corrupt politicians, yet you are here foaming in the mouth as if you are living such a great life here in Nigeria. I wonder when some of you will take your head out of your anus and start telling yourself the truth. The politicians have raped the country to coma, let's show them by our talks and actions, but you idiots chose to suck up to them as if you are very happy living here.... Suffering and smiling according to the legend Fela anikulapo kuti.
I spit on you.

.

Bro you are very right, this is the same reason the whites are better than us.

We here just shut up a take whatever they throw at us, if we don't come together and tear this people apart am afraid our children children will suffer similar faith

ChiefSosa:

Firstly this is war time, not a time for lame jokes, and it's somewhat obvious you're angry cause you don't have the available means to leave Nigeria, so you're mad at those that are able to. Were you thinking buhari's 30k per month will take you out of Nigeria?
Secondly, those folks are displaying the flag as a means of identifying themselves as foreigners, and it should also be a slap to the face of the Nigerian government. Why? Because we've been getting hints of this ongoing war for several months now; a sensible and proactive government would have made plans to evacuate its citizens in case of situations like this, after all it's their duty and that's why we have the Minister of foreign affairs. Other countries are already evacuating their citizens and even giving the citizens relief materials that will last for months. But it's obvious this present Nigerian government is useless, they have no tangible plans to evacuate, provide shelter or even relief materials for its citizens(Nigerians). Smh

You are very correct

IPIGSRHYPO:


Seriously?
This must be a joke abi?
Protesters are arrested in the US, Canada and all the other western countries. Canada just clamped down and arrest many protesters and even frozen their ban s but they will be telling Nigeria to leave protesters blocking the road alone.
I wonder why DJ Witch hasn't said anything about the way Canada treated their protesters. - HYPOCRITES

Even though, so arresting protesters na good thing?? Una no just know left or right at all. So so rubbish na we day talk for this country.

omoredia:
The lying western media lied about Iraq, they lied about covid and they are lying again about Ukraine and Russia

Which lied about covid? Where was covid discovered?

obanioluorun:
is America will are taking about here, they won't go to the war until they see the reliable prove that the war is won before starting, America is now showing interest oh Russia is finish.

Bro America is more powerful than Russia but they won't be considering a war with Russia except it affects them directly.

Infact no country will not even china cause war is one thing and backlash in economy is another and they are not ready for that.

Both countries possesses deadly nukes to wipe out both civilizations so both of can't take that route.

China didn't Russia because we can what US did to Japan (it wasn't funny I condemn the act though) but still it's not worth it.

If Ukrainians still possess those nukes from their Soviet union days trust me Russia would have think twice and that's the reason NATO are remaining cautious about the issue.

Broveens42:



Because they know the money will be re-looted back to them ..
If they are sincere about helping the poor, they should reach an agreement with central bank of governments to remit funds directly to s of individuals

Bro it doesn't work that way, moreover this will be an eye opener if Nigeria like make them day jonz ordinary Ghana here day threaten our citizens and we just day chill, Cameroon claim bakassi we no talk, see we gats man up oo cause one day Ghana or Cameroon go invade us cause currently Nigerian forces are very very weak.

roomus:
You seem not to understand the Dynamics of these wars...US fought faceless ISIS and Taliban , just like Nigeria is still trying to defeat bokoharam for years, it's not a conventional war and usually takes years..

Ukraine - Russia war is a conventional one with open confrontation...

It's such a pity that all over nairaland, comments have been this US that , as if the war is happening in Washington or Moscow....it's Ukraine for godsake, an innocent country that has good relations with Russia feeling the heat...

If Russia has issues with US or NATO, then they should attack US allies or NATO member nations..simple

Bro just forget this people we Nigerians love to research on our own beliefs rather than what really happened or what happening.

Us are not saints, they have their own issues too, but if not for them some country will suffer. Even though some are suffering now because of them.

Little did most people know Trump and Putin was good buddies. But I will say Trump was a more gallant President than Biden.

The thing is trump would have find a way to avert the war since he was close to Putin or he would have gone the other way.

Afonjashapmouth:
1 I AM NOT YOUR OGBENI AND I WON'T SLEEP

2. OBVIOUSLY YOU ARE THE CNN REPORTER'S EVANGELIST SO THERE IS LITTLE OR NOTHING TO SAY TO YOU

FINALLY, IF US AS THE WORLD POWER HAVE SO MUCH TO LOSE IF THEY INTERFERE WHY ARE THEY NOT QUIET THEN? WHY DID THEY JUST GIVE UKRAIN $640 MILLION TO ENHANCE ITS MILITARY?

REST AND LEARN NOT READ OR LISTEN TO TALK

They assisted them, the US motto right from time is Democracy and their aim is to spread it around the world they want most countries to be like them. But not all countries want that that's why the attacked Libya (but the decision might be wrong).

But all the same they are the strongest in the world take it or leave it. To every king, emperor, apex predator or ruler is to wipe out that it perceived as threat and that's why us is interfering in most people issues and might be same reason Russia is attacking Ukrainian.

But it's the rule of life (Lions do kill cheetah,hyena, wild dog and Leopard to survive and that's what's happening in the human world).

useni1:
America you have 200million hungry and hopeless people in your country to feed. They will need the $600million so they will commit suicide. America your country is a third world shit where millions sleep on the street and drink pee. Russia will occupy Kiev and negotiate with Ukraine military so bastards Americans will never use her territory to threaten Russia again.

Guy focus on your country and stop talking what you don't know, if they are not doing well their economy will not be booming. I no just understand some of una upset with US and Russia , Messi and Ronaldo, Israel and Palestine.

The US didn't force the Ukrainians to war, and the Ukrainians didn't ask for war either but Russia invaded them due to reasons I don't know it might be good or bad but I don't think war is necessary.

gbagyiza:


Rightly said. Ukraine's president even rejected the US request to evacuate him from the country. The man said what he needs is ammunition, not a ride. Very strong n brave people...that is what leadership is all about.

If na Nigeria na somebody for don leave us go England or go .

See we Nigerians gats man up oooh I swear this country is ours not for our leaders we gats man up cause no be Russia or US day kill us na we day kill ourselves.

Afonjashapmouth:
PEOPLE THINK INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IS WHAT THEY SEE ON CNN. THERE ARE DEEPER INTERESTS AND THINGS YOU WON'T UNDERSTAND UNLESS YOU BELONG TO THE CAUCUS. THE MEDIA IS JUST A "MADE BELIEVE" SYSTEM TO BRAINWASH YOU. KEEP FORECASTING LIKE IT'S NAIRABET. AMERICA won't STAY IN THEIR LANE, KEEP QUIET OR STOP ACTING SAVIOR BECAUSE THEIR WEIGHT LIES IN THEIR MOUTH AND THE USE OF THE MEDIA

Ogbeni go sleep which weight lies in their mouth?

The are world power for a reason and as of now nobody can contest that not even Putin's Russia.

The War is sensitive if not handle with care it might go haywire but God won't allow it.

US are threading with caution because of their industries and infrastructure they don't want anything that will affect their economy likewise China now so it's a sensible move, pound for pound their military might crushes that of Russia their military allocation alone is far more than that of Russia and China combine.

They might have mischievous motives or whatever in their records but they are not people to contend with.

Make all of una shut up abeg,

They argument is simple if Palestine owns the land let them fight and reclaim it, how can a mere refugee come to claim your land beat you untop.

See, all una arguments are biased nobody is saying the truth even history na somebody write am. Must una argue with everything if no be Ronaldo and Messi na Ukraine vs Russia or Tecno vs Redmi, now na Israel vs Palestine.

Voldoz:
The birthplace of the Jewish people is the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael). There, a significant part of the nation's long history was enacted, of which the first thousand years are recorded in the Bible; there, its cultural, religious, and national identity was formed; and there, its physical presence has been maintained through the centuries, even after the majority was forced into exile. During the many years of dispersion, the Jewish people never severed nor forgot its bond with the Land. With the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Jewish independence, lost 2,000 years earlier, was renewed.

Archeology in Israel involves the systematic investigation of all the remains of the country's past - from prehistory to the end of Ottoman rule. The profusion of material remains is evidence of the many cultures that have left their imprint on the Land.

Above all archeological research clearly reveals the historical link between the Jewish people, the Bible and the Land of Israel, uncovering the remains of the cultural heritage of the Jewish people in its homeland. These visible remains, buried in the soil, constitute the physical link between the past, the present and the future of the Jewish people in its country.

This unbroken chain of history can be observed at sites all over the country. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, has been the focus of extensive archeological activity and remains of 5,000 years of history have been revealed.



TIMELINE OF HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
17th-6th C. BCE BIBLICAL TIMES
(BCE - Before the Common Era)
c.17th century




Abraham, Isaac, Jacob - patriarchs of the Jewish people and bearers of a belief in one God - settle in the Land of Israel.
Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt.


THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD
538-142 Persian and Hellenistic periods
538-515 Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.
332 Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule.
166-160

Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple
142-129 Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
129-63 Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy.
63 Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey.

63 BCE-313
CE

Roman rule
63-4 BCE

Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel;
Temple in Jerusalem refurbished

(CE - The Common Era)
c. 20-33 Ministry of Jesus of Nazareth
66 Jewish revolt against the Romans
70 Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple.
73 Last stand of Jews at Masada.
132-135 Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome.
c. 210 Codification of Jewish oral law (Mishna) completed.

FOREIGN DOMINATION
313-636 Byzantine rule
c. 390 Commentary on the Mishna (Jerusalem Talmud) completed.
614 Persian invasion

636-1099 Arab rule
691 On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by Caliph Abd el-Malik.

1099-1291 Crusader domination
(Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem)

1291-1516 Mamluk rule

1517-1917 Ottoman rule
1564 Code of Jewish law (Shulhan Arukh) published.
1860 First neighborhood built outside walls of Jerusalem's Old City.
1882-1903 First Aliya (large-scale immigration), mainly from Russia.
1897

First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland; Zionist Organization founded.
1904-14 Second Aliya, mainly from Russia and Poland.
1909 First kibbutz, Degania, and first modern all-Jewish city, Tel Aviv, founded.
1917 400 years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest;
British Foreign Minister Balfour pledges for establishment of a "Jewish national home in Palestine"

1918-48

British rule
1919-23 Third Aliya, mainly from Russia
1920 Histadrut (General Federation of Labor) and Haganah (Jewish defense organization) founded.
Vaad Leumi (National Council) set up by Jewish community (Yishuv) to conduct its affairs.
1921 First moshav (cooperative village), Nahalal, founded.
1922 Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations; Transjordan set up on three-fourths of the area, leaving one fourth for the Jewish national home.
Jewish Agency representing Jewish community vis-a-vis Mandate authorities set up.
1924

Technion, first institute of technology, founded in Haifa.
1924-32 Fourth Aliya, mainly from Poland.
1925 Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened on Mount Scopus.
1929 Hebron Jews massacred by Arab terrorists.
1931 Etzel, Jewish underground organization, founded.
1933-39 Fifth Aliya, mainly from .
1936-39 Anti-Jewish riots instigated by Arab terrorists.
1939 Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper.
1939-45 World War II; Holocaust in Europe.
1941 Lehi underground movement formed; Palmach, strike force of Haganah, set up.
1944 Jewish Brigade formed as part of British forces.
1947 UN proposes the establishment of Arab and Jewish states in the Land.


STATE OF ISRAEL

1948

End of British Mandate (14 May)
State of Israel proclaimed (14 May).
Israel invaded by five Arab states (15 May).
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) established.
War of Independence (May 1948-July 1949).

1949
Armistice agreements signed with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon.
Jerusalem divided under Israeli and Jordanian rule.
First Knesset (parliament) elected.
Israel itted to United Nations as 59th member.

1948-52

Mass immigration from Europe and Arab countries.
1956 Sinai Campaign
1962 Adolf Eichmann tried and executed in Israel for his part in the Holocaust.
1964

National Water Carrier completed, bringing water from Lake Kinneret in the north to the semi-arid south.
1967

Six-Day War; Jerusalem reunited.
1968-70 Egypt's War of Attrition against Israel
1973 Yom Kippur War
1975 Israel becomes an associate member of the European Common Market.
1977 Likud forms government after Knesset elections, end of 30 years of Labor rule.
Visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to Jerusalem.
1978 Camp David Accords include framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East and proposal for Palestinian self-government.
1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty signed.
Prime Minister Menachem Begin and President Anwar Sadat awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
1981 Israel Air Force destroys Iraqi nuclear reactor just before it is to become operative.
1982 Israel's three-stage withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula completed.
Operation Peace for Galilee removes Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) terrorists from Lebanon.
1984 National unity government (Likud and Labor) formed after elections.
Operation Moses, immigration of Jews from Ethiopia.
1985 Free Trade Agreement signed with United States.
1987 Widespread violence (Intifada) starts in Israeli-istered areas.
1988 Likud government wins elections.
1989

Four-point peace initiative proposed by Israel.
Start of mass immigration of Jews from former Soviet Union.
1991 Israel attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles during Gulf war.
Middle East peace conference convened in Madrid;
Operation Solomon, the airlift of Jews from Ethiopia.
1992 Diplomatic relations established with China and India.
New government headed by Yitzhak Rabin of Labor Party.
1993 Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements for the Palestinians signed by Israel and PLO, as representative of the Palestinian people (Oslo Accords).
1994




Implementation of Palestinian self-government in Gaza Strip and Jericho area.
Full diplomatic relations with the Holy See.
Morocco and Tunisia interest offices set up.
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty signed.
Rabin, Peres, Arafat awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

1995 Broadened Palestinian self-government implemented in West Bank and Gaza Strip; Palestinian Council elected.
Prime Minister Rabin assassinated at peace rally.
Shimon Peres becomes prime minister.
1996 Fundamentalist Arab terrorism against Israel escalates.
Operation Grapes of Wrath, retaliation for Hizbullah terrorists' attacks on northern Israel.
Trade representation offices set up in Oman and Qatar.
Likud forms government after Knesset elections.
Binyamin Netanyahu elected prime minister.
Omani trade representation office opened in Tel Aviv.
1997 Hebron Protocol signed by Israel and the PA.
1998

Israel celebrates its 50th anniversary.
Israel and the PLO sign the Wye River Memorandum to facilitate implementation of the Interim Agreement.
1999 Ehud Barak (left-wing One Israel party) elected prime minister; forms coalition government.
Israel and the PLO sign the Sharm-el-Sheikh Memorandum.
2000 Visit of Pope Paul II.
Israel withdraws from the Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
Israel itted to UN Western European and Others Group.
Renewed violence (Second Intifada). Prime Minister Barak resigns.
2001 Ariel Sharon (Likud) elected Prime Minister; forms broad-based unity government.
The Sharm-el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee report (Mitchell Report) issued.
Palestinian-Israeli Security Implementation Work Plan (Tenet ceasefire plan) proposed.
Rechavam Ze'evy, Minister of Tourism, assassinated by Palestinian terrorists.
2002

Israel launches Operation Defensive Shield in response to massive Palestinian terrorist attacks.
Israel begins building the anti-terrorist fence to stop West Bank terrorists from killing Israeli citizens.
Prime Minister Sharon disperses the Knesset, calling for new elections to be held on 28 January 2003.
2003

Right-of-center coalition government formed by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.
Israel accepts the Roap.
2005

Israel carries out the Disengagement Plan, ending Israel's presence in the Gaza Strip.
2006

After Prime Minister Sharon suffers a stroke, Ehud Olmert becomes acting prime minister.
Following elections on 28 March, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert forms new government led by the Kadima Party.
Israel carried out military operations against Palestinian terrorists in Gaza after kidnapping of Israeli soldier.
The Second War in Lebanon, during which Israel carried out military operations against Hizbullah terrorism from southern Lebanon, following missile attacks and kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers.

2007

Shimon Peres elected President by the Knesset.
Israel declares Gaza "hostile territory" following Hamas violent takeover of Gaza Strip.

2008

Israel celebrates its 60th anniversary.
Israel launches its Gaza Operation (Operation Cast Lead) in response to the barrage of over 10,000 rockets and mortars fired from the Gaza Strip.

2009

Benjamin Netanyahu is elected Prime Minister in national elections held in February 2009, and forms a broad-based coalition government
The city of Tel Aviv celebrates its 100th anniversary.

2010

Israel s the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

MAKE UNA EAT ISREAL HISTORY

The birthplace of the Jewish people is the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael). There, a significant part of the nation's long history was enacted, of which the first thousand years are recorded in the Bible; there, its cultural, religious, and national identity was formed; and there, its physical presence has been maintained through the centuries, even after the majority was forced into exile. During the many years of dispersion, the Jewish people never severed nor forgot its bond with the Land. With the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Jewish independence, lost 2,000 years earlier, was renewed.

Archeology in Israel involves the systematic investigation of all the remains of the country's past - from prehistory to the end of Ottoman rule. The profusion of material remains is evidence of the many cultures that have left their imprint on the Land.

Above all archeological research clearly reveals the historical link between the Jewish people, the Bible and the Land of Israel, uncovering the remains of the cultural heritage of the Jewish people in its homeland. These visible remains, buried in the soil, constitute the physical link between the past, the present and the future of the Jewish people in its country.

This unbroken chain of history can be observed at sites all over the country. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, has been the focus of extensive archeological activity and remains of 5,000 years of history have been revealed.



TIMELINE OF HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
17th-6th C. BCE BIBLICAL TIMES
(BCE - Before the Common Era)
c.17th century




Abraham, Isaac, Jacob - patriarchs of the Jewish people and bearers of a belief in one God - settle in the Land of Israel.
Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt.


THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD
538-142 Persian and Hellenistic periods
538-515 Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.
332 Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule.
166-160

Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple
142-129 Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
129-63 Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy.
63 Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey.

63 BCE-313
CE

Roman rule
63-4 BCE

Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel;
Temple in Jerusalem refurbished

(CE - The Common Era)
c. 20-33 Ministry of Jesus of Nazareth
66 Jewish revolt against the Romans
70 Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple.
73 Last stand of Jews at Masada.
132-135 Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome.
c. 210 Codification of Jewish oral law (Mishna) completed.

FOREIGN DOMINATION
313-636 Byzantine rule
c. 390 Commentary on the Mishna (Jerusalem Talmud) completed.
614 Persian invasion

636-1099 Arab rule
691 On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by Caliph Abd el-Malik.

1099-1291 Crusader domination
(Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem)

1291-1516 Mamluk rule

1517-1917 Ottoman rule
1564 Code of Jewish law (Shulhan Arukh) published.
1860 First neighborhood built outside walls of Jerusalem's Old City.
1882-1903 First Aliya (large-scale immigration), mainly from Russia.
1897

First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland; Zionist Organization founded.
1904-14 Second Aliya, mainly from Russia and Poland.
1909 First kibbutz, Degania, and first modern all-Jewish city, Tel Aviv, founded.
1917 400 years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest;
British Foreign Minister Balfour pledges for establishment of a "Jewish national home in Palestine"

1918-48

British rule
1919-23 Third Aliya, mainly from Russia
1920 Histadrut (General Federation of Labor) and Haganah (Jewish defense organization) founded.
Vaad Leumi (National Council) set up by Jewish community (Yishuv) to conduct its affairs.
1921 First moshav (cooperative village), Nahalal, founded.
1922 Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations; Transjordan set up on three-fourths of the area, leaving one fourth for the Jewish national home.
Jewish Agency representing Jewish community vis-a-vis Mandate authorities set up.
1924

Technion, first institute of technology, founded in Haifa.
1924-32 Fourth Aliya, mainly from Poland.
1925 Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened on Mount Scopus.
1929 Hebron Jews massacred by Arab terrorists.
1931 Etzel, Jewish underground organization, founded.
1933-39 Fifth Aliya, mainly from .
1936-39 Anti-Jewish riots instigated by Arab terrorists.
1939 Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper.
1939-45 World War II; Holocaust in Europe.
1941 Lehi underground movement formed; Palmach, strike force of Haganah, set up.
1944 Jewish Brigade formed as part of British forces.
1947 UN proposes the establishment of Arab and Jewish states in the Land.


STATE OF ISRAEL

1948

End of British Mandate (14 May)
State of Israel proclaimed (14 May).
Israel invaded by five Arab states (15 May).
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) established.
War of Independence (May 1948-July 1949).

1949
Armistice agreements signed with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon.
Jerusalem divided under Israeli and Jordanian rule.
First Knesset (parliament) elected.
Israel itted to United Nations as 59th member.

1948-52

Mass immigration from Europe and Arab countries.
1956 Sinai Campaign
1962 Adolf Eichmann tried and executed in Israel for his part in the Holocaust.
1964

National Water Carrier completed, bringing water from Lake Kinneret in the north to the semi-arid south.
1967

Six-Day War; Jerusalem reunited.
1968-70 Egypt's War of Attrition against Israel
1973 Yom Kippur War
1975 Israel becomes an associate member of the European Common Market.
1977 Likud forms government after Knesset elections, end of 30 years of Labor rule.
Visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to Jerusalem.
1978 Camp David Accords include framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East and proposal for Palestinian self-government.
1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty signed.
Prime Minister Menachem Begin and President Anwar Sadat awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
1981 Israel Air Force destroys Iraqi nuclear reactor just before it is to become operative.
1982 Israel's three-stage withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula completed.
Operation Peace for Galilee removes Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) terrorists from Lebanon.
1984 National unity government (Likud and Labor) formed after elections.
Operation Moses, immigration of Jews from Ethiopia.
1985 Free Trade Agreement signed with United States.
1987 Widespread violence (Intifada) starts in Israeli-istered areas.
1988 Likud government wins elections.
1989

Four-point peace initiative proposed by Israel.
Start of mass immigration of Jews from former Soviet Union.
1991 Israel attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles during Gulf war.
Middle East peace conference convened in Madrid;
Operation Solomon, the airlift of Jews from Ethiopia.
1992 Diplomatic relations established with China and India.
New government headed by Yitzhak Rabin of Labor Party.
1993 Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements for the Palestinians signed by Israel and PLO, as representative of the Palestinian people (Oslo Accords).
1994




Implementation of Palestinian self-government in Gaza Strip and Jericho area.
Full diplomatic relations with the Holy See.
Morocco and Tunisia interest offices set up.
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty signed.
Rabin, Peres, Arafat awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

1995 Broadened Palestinian self-government implemented in West Bank and Gaza Strip; Palestinian Council elected.
Prime Minister Rabin assassinated at peace rally.
Shimon Peres becomes prime minister.
1996 Fundamentalist Arab terrorism against Israel escalates.
Operation Grapes of Wrath, retaliation for Hizbullah terrorists' attacks on northern Israel.
Trade representation offices set up in Oman and Qatar.
Likud forms government after Knesset elections.
Binyamin Netanyahu elected prime minister.
Omani trade representation office opened in Tel Aviv.
1997 Hebron Protocol signed by Israel and the PA.
1998

Israel celebrates its 50th anniversary.
Israel and the PLO sign the Wye River Memorandum to facilitate implementation of the Interim Agreement.
1999 Ehud Barak (left-wing One Israel party) elected prime minister; forms coalition government.
Israel and the PLO sign the Sharm-el-Sheikh Memorandum.
2000 Visit of Pope Paul II.
Israel withdraws from the Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
Israel itted to UN Western European and Others Group.
Renewed violence (Second Intifada). Prime Minister Barak resigns.
2001 Ariel Sharon (Likud) elected Prime Minister; forms broad-based unity government.
The Sharm-el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee report (Mitchell Report) issued.
Palestinian-Israeli Security Implementation Work Plan (Tenet ceasefire plan) proposed.
Rechavam Ze'evy, Minister of Tourism, assassinated by Palestinian terrorists.
2002

Israel launches Operation Defensive Shield in response to massive Palestinian terrorist attacks.
Israel begins building the anti-terrorist fence to stop West Bank terrorists from killing Israeli citizens.
Prime Minister Sharon disperses the Knesset, calling for new elections to be held on 28 January 2003.
2003

Right-of-center coalition government formed by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.
Israel accepts the Roap.
2005

Israel carries out the Disengagement Plan, ending Israel's presence in the Gaza Strip.
2006

After Prime Minister Sharon suffers a stroke, Ehud Olmert becomes acting prime minister.
Following elections on 28 March, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert forms new government led by the Kadima Party.
Israel carried out military operations against Palestinian terrorists in Gaza after kidnapping of Israeli soldier.
The Second War in Lebanon, during which Israel carried out military operations against Hizbullah terrorism from southern Lebanon, following missile attacks and kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers.

2007

Shimon Peres elected President by the Knesset.
Israel declares Gaza "hostile territory" following Hamas violent takeover of Gaza Strip.

2008

Israel celebrates its 60th anniversary.
Israel launches its Gaza Operation (Operation Cast Lead) in response to the barrage of over 10,000 rockets and mortars fired from the Gaza Strip.

2009

Benjamin Netanyahu is elected Prime Minister in national elections held in February 2009, and forms a broad-based coalition government
The city of Tel Aviv celebrates its 100th anniversary.

2010

Israel s the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Barcaking2:


I hate it when people distort the fact and claim victim on an issue.
Israel never claim sovereignity over the Golan height. Rather they created a buffer zone during the war of attrition.
Israel have stated it willingness to return the land under the LAND FOR PEACE agreement .
It is that simple.

The Arab came with the three No.. no peace with Israel, no negotiation, no recognition with Israel.

Egypt and Jordan have agreed to the land for peace and all terotity returned to them without any gun raised.

Only Syria who continually used the Golan height as launchpad in several wars

For those of you arguing that Israel has no right sizing the Golan height. How would you love it when a country is constantly launching attacks.

The league of Nations severally was asked to intervene but they seems non challant until Israel for it safety decided to act.

I am praying for peace to reign over Ukraine, but they should also address the cocern raised by the Russians. Ukraine should not be a NATO outpost reducing the influence of Russian.

Please check records before arguing with me. Let deal with facts and not nationalism, religious inclination and the like.

No mind them no be here we day way Cameroon claim bakassi, if they give them chance they for claim the whole Nigeria.

Oboy they no owe you anything this life is for the strong the apex predator wins.

Most African leaders are corrupt, take your nation for example, the US might be wrong for Libya invasion.

I don't know the Israelites history so I won't say too much.

So we should just pursue Egypt, Algeria etc from Africa cause they are blacks moreover how they got here in the first place I don't know.

Japan, Korea and China etc look alike but India is different.

This world holds many secret.

The battle is not for the weak anyways may the best side wins, but war is never an option.

Only God knows what Putin has in his mind, it might be good or bad but only God knows.

Na the best time for we to invade Cameroon for bakassi land be this oooo.

This isn't ordinary if am not mistaken offa robbery happen similar time to this.

This country is going bunkers we gats do something cause our leaders ain't doing shit.

Our forces are poorly armed and trained while criminals and terrorists are handling powerful weapons all our leaders know is to thief thief thief for once they should consider the masses for.just once.

Just look at the poor girl.

Sometimes I think of what's happening, just put my head down and walk away.

The Americans are to be praised for democracy, I understand that but I think they should just let some people handle their own affairs, and as for we Nigerians .................

All we are facing is as a result of our cowardliness, we take everything our leaders throw at us, they is no democracy in this place we call country, I love my country but I hate the leaders they are bad and getting worst after each tenure.

As for Russia and Ukraine things will fall into place but this will be a lesson to other nations not to depend on other countries for survival, man up like North Korea.